BRICS Information Centre
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BRICS Information Centre |
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2022 BRICS Bejing Summit
Interim Compliance Report
Alissa Xinhe Wang, Angela Min Yi Hou and Yana Sadeghi
and the University of Toronto BRICS Research Group,
and
Alexander Ignatov, Irina Popova, Andrey Shelepov, Andrei Sakharov
and the Center for International Institutions Research
of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration,
Moscow
31 March 2023
This interim compliance report assesses the compliance of the BRICS members for the period of 23 June 2022 (the day of the 2022 Beijing Summit) to 13 January 2023. It assesses 18 priority commitments of the 162 commitments made by the leaders at the Beijing Summit.
This report was prepared by the BRICS Research Group led by the Center for International Institutions Research of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) and the Global Governance Program at Trinity College in the University of Toronto.
Download the full report here. See the scores in Table 3.
We welcome feedback on this report! If you have any comment about our assessment, or if you know of any actions taken by a BRICS member between 23 June 2022 to 13 January 2023 that might affect that assessment, please contact us at brics@utoronto.ca
The 2022 BRICS Beijing Interim Compliance Report, prepared by the BRICS Research Group (based at the University of Toronto and the Center for International Institutions Research of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration [RANEPA]), analyses compliance performance by BRICS countries with 17 priority commitments drawn from the total 162 commitments made by the leaders at the Beijing Summit which was held virtually on 23 June 2022.
This report draws on the methodology developed by the G7 Research Group, which has been monitoring G7 compliance since 1996 and adapted for monitoring G20 performance since 2008. The use of this time-tested methodology provides for cross-institutional, cross-member and cross-issue consistency and thus allows compatibility and comparability of the compliance performance by different summit institutions and establishes a foundation for evidence-based assessment of the effectiveness of these institutions.*
The methodology uses a scale from −1 to +1, where +1 (100%) indicates full compliance with the stated commitment, −1 (0%) indicates a failure to comply or action taken that is directly opposite to the stated goal of the commitment, and 0 (50%) indicates partial compliance or work in progress, such as initiatives that have been launched but are not yet near completion and whose final results can therefore not be assessed. Each member receives a score of −1, 0 or +1 for each commitment. (The formula to convert a score into a percentage is P = 50 × (S + 1), where P is the percentage and S is the score.)
* Informal summitry institutions are defined as international institutions with limited membership, relatively low bureaucracy and reliance on open, flexible and voluntary approaches. Regular meetings of the heads of states and governments who engage on a wide range of international, regional and domestic politics stand at the pinnacle of such international arrangements, which involve many actors operating according to established procedures on two levels: domestic and international. Commitments contained in the collectively agreed documents are not legally binding but their implementation is stimulated by peer pressure. Among such bodies engaged in global and regional governance are G7, G20, BRICS, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum and others.
At the Beijing Summit in 2022, the BRICS leaders focused on seven pillars: strengthening and reforming global governance, working in solidarity to combat COVID-19, safeguarding peace and security, promoting economic recovery, expediting implementation of the 20230 agenda for sustainable development, deepening people-to-people exchanges and institutional development. The theme was "Foster High-quality BRICS Partnership, Usher in a New Era for Global Development." The topics discussed included a brighter shared future for the international community based on mutually beneficial cooperation; the COVID-19 pandemic and disease prevention; peace, security and counter-terrorism cooperation; sustainable development and innovative means to achieve it. BRICS leaders also acknowledged the need to strengthen and reform the multilateral system.
For each compliance cycle (that is, the period between summits), the research team selects commitments that reflect the breadth of the BRICS agenda and the priorities of the summit's host, while balancing the selection to allow for comparison with past and future summits. The selection also takes into account the breakdown of issue areas and the proportion of commitments in each one (see Table 1). The primary criteria for selecting a priority commitment for assessment are the comprehensiveness and relevance to the summit, the BRICS and the world. Selected commitments must meet secondary criteria such as measurability and ability to comply within a year. Tertiary criteria include significance, as identified by relevant stakeholders in the host country and scientific teams. Of the 75 commitments made at the 2022 Beijing Summit, the BRICS Research Group selected 10 priority commitments for its compliance assessment (see Table 2).
Compliance for the 2022 Beijing Summit Interim report is +0.16 (58%) (see Table 3).
By country, China and South Africa earned the highest compliance score at +0.28 (64%). India followed with a score of +0.22 (61%) and Brazil earned +0.06 (53%). Russia received the lowest score of −0.11 (44%) (see Table 4).
By issue, five commitments achieved 100% compliance: on universal health coverage, information and communications technologies and the digital economy, development and recovery in labour and employment, the macroeconomic commitment on standardization, and the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development. The commitment on international financial institutions reform earned the next highest score, with +0.60 (80%), followed by the commitment on infrastructure investment and public-private partnerships, with +0.40 (70%). Intergovernmental organization reform and international taxation were the next best performing commitments with a score of +0.20 (60%), closely followed by the trade commitment on supply chains interconnectivity with 0 (50%). The remaining commitments achieved less than 50% (see Table 5).
| Issue Area | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| Energy | 5 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||
| Finance | 3 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Climate change | 1 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||
| Macroeconomic policy | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
| Trade | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 30 | 7 | 21 | 18 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
| International co-operation | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 30 | 7 | 21 | 18 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 10 |
| Socioeconomic | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Development | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 21 |
| Natural disasters | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Food and agriculture | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||||
| ICT and digital economy | 2 | 1 | 17 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 15 | ||||
| Science and education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Health | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 14 | ||||
| Human rights | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | ||||||
| Accountability | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Regional security | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 8 | |
| Terrorism | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 4 | ||
| Culture | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Sport | 1 | |||||||||||||
| IFI reform | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Non-proliferation | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 7 | ||||||||
| Crime and corruption | 4 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 3 | 7 | 7 | |||||
| Environment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| Tourism | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| International taxation | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||
| Space | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Inter-BRICS cooperation | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Intergovernmental organization reform | 4 | 19 | ||||||||||||
| Peace and security | 1 | 6 | ||||||||||||
| Good governance | 4 | |||||||||||||
| Labour and employment | 3 | |||||||||||||
| Infrastructure | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 31 | 38 | 32 | 47 | 68 | 130 | 45 | 125 | 73 | 49 | 45 | 58 | 162 |
| Issue Area | Commitment | |
| 1 | Development: Infrastructure Investment and PPPs | We [welcome the exchange and sharing of good practices and experiences, and] encourage further cooperation on infrastructure investment and PPPs [public-private partnerships]. |
| 2 | Development: Economic Recovery and Sustainable Development in Africa | We support Africa in attaining economic recovery and sustainable development in the post-pandemic era. |
| 3 | Intergovernmental Organization Reform: WTO Reform |
We will engage constructively to pursue the necessary WTO [World Trade Organization] reform to build an open world economy that supports trade and development, preserve the pre-eminent role of the WTO for setting global trade rules and governance, supporting inclusive development and promoting the rights and interests of its members, including developing members and LDCs [least developed countries]. |
| 4 | ICT and Digital Economy: E-Commerce Consumer Protection |
We also agree to promote consumer protection in e-commerce by advancing the implementation of the BRICS Framework for Consumer Protection in E-Commerce. |
| 5 | Health: COVID-19 | [We stress the need to continue to strengthen the cooperation on] … research on their efficacy and safety in light of new variants of COVID-19 virus. |
| 6 | Health: Infectious Disease | We support and emphasize the urgent need for the establishment of the BRICS Integrated Early Warning System for preventing mass infectious diseases risks in accordance with the International Health Regulations (2005) and the WHO's [World Health Organization's] Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. |
| 7 | International Taxation | We commit to strengthen cooperation and coordination in areas of tax information exchange, capacity building and innovation in tax administration. |
| 8 | International Financial Institutions Reform: IMF Reform | We reaffirm our commitment to maintaining a strong and effective Global Financial Safety Net with a quota-based and adequately resourced IMF [International Monetary Fund] at its center. |
| 9 | Crime and Corruption | While respecting the legal systems of our respective countries, we are committed to strengthening experience sharing and practical cooperation on issues related to anti-corruption law enforcement, including on pursuit of economic and corruption offenders, on mutual legal assistance in civil and administrative matters, and on asset recovery. |
| 10 | Terrorism | We are committed to combating terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including the cross-border movement of terrorists, and terrorism financing networks and safe havens. |
| 11 | Regional Security: Afghanistan | We emphasize the need for all sides to encourage the Afghanistan authorities to achieve national reconciliation through dialogue and negotiation |
| 12 | ICT and Digital Economy: Open ICT Environment | We reaffirm our commitment to the promotion of an open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful ICT [information and communications technologies]-environment, [underscored the importance of enhancing common understandings and intensifying cooperation in the use of ICT and Internet.] |
| 13 | Health: Universal Health Coverage | [The BRICS countries will strengthen technical multilateral cooperation aimed at enhancing capacities in the fields of] … Universal Health Coverage |
| 14 | Sustainable Development | We reaffirm our commitment to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda in all its three dimensions – economic, social and environmental – in a balanced and integrated manner. |
| 15 | Macroeconomics | We agree to enhance exchanges and cooperation in the field of standardization and make full use of standards to advance sustainable development |
| 16 | Trade | We encourage cooperation among BRICS countries to enhance the interconnectivity of supply chains and promote trade and investment flows |
| 17 | Labour and Employment: Development and Recovery | We reiterate the commitments to promote employment for sustainable development, including to develop skills to ensure resilient recovery |
| 18 | Climate Change | We express our support to] … promote COP27 [27th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change] to prioritize implementation and highlight the reinforcement of adaptation and delivery and enhancement of developed countries' commitments to provide financial support and technology transfer to developing countries |
Issue |
Brazil | Russia | India | China | South Africa | Average | ||
| 1 | Development: Infrastructure Investment and PPPs | 0 | 0 | 0 | +1 | +1 | +0.40 | 70% |
| 2 | Development: Economic Recovery and Sustainable Development in Africa | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.40 | 30% |
| 3 | Intergovernmental Organization Reform: WTO Reform | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | +1 | +0.20 | 60% |
| 4 | Digital Economy: E-Commerce Consumer Protection | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −0.60 | 20% |
| 5 | Health: COVID-19 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1.00 | 0% |
| 6 | Health: Infectious Diseases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50% |
| 7 | International Taxation | 0 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 0 | +0.20 | 60% |
| 8 | International Financial Institutions Reform: IMF Reform | 0 | 0 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +0.60 | 80% |
| 9 | Crime and Corruption: Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement | 0 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −0.60 | 20% |
| 10 | Terrorism: Cross-border Movement, Terrorist Financing and Safe Havens | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | +1 | −0.20 | 40% |
| 11 | Regional Security: Afghanistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −0.20 | 40% |
| 12 | ICT and Digital Economy: Open ICT Environment | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1.00 | 100% |
| 13 | Health: Universal Health Coverage | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1.00 | 100% |
| 14 | Sustainable Development: 2030 Agenda Implementation | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1.00 | 100% |
| 15 | Macroeconomics: Standardization in Sustainable Development | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1.00 | 100% |
| 16 | Trade: Interconnectivity of Supply Chains | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50% |
| 17 | Labour and Employment: Development and Recovery | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1.00 | 100% |
| 18 | Climate Change: Supporting Implementation | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −0.60 | 20% |
| Average Interim Compliance | +0.06 | −0.06 | +0.22 | +0.28 | +0.28 | +0.16 | 58% | |
| 53% | 47% | 61% | 64% | 64% | ||||
Note: ICT = information and communications technologies; IMF = International Monetary Fund; PPP = public-private partnerships; WTO = World Trade Organization.
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2022 Beijing | 2021 Delhi | 2020 Moscow | 2019 Brasilia | ||||||||
|
Interim | Final | Final | Interim | Final | Interim | ||||||
China |
+0.28 |
64% |
+0.85 |
93% |
+0.41 |
71% |
+0.41 |
71% |
+0.50 |
75% |
40% |
70% |
South Africa |
+0.28 |
64% |
+0.35 |
68% |
+0.24 |
62% |
+0.18 |
59% |
+0.20 |
60% |
0% |
50% |
India |
+0.22 |
61% |
+0.60 |
80% |
+0.65 |
82% |
+0.35 |
68% |
+0.60 |
80% |
20% |
60% |
Brazil |
+0.06 |
53% |
+0.50 |
75% |
+0.41 |
71% |
+0.29 |
65% |
+0.40 |
70% |
−30% |
35% |
Russia |
−0.06 |
47% |
+0.65 |
83% |
+0.47 |
74% |
+0.24 |
62% |
+0.50 |
75% |
30% |
65% |
Average |
+0.13 |
56% |
+0.53 |
76% |
+0.44 |
72% |
+0.26 |
63% |
+0.44 |
72% |
12% |
56% |
| 1 | Health: Universal Health Coverage | +1.00 | 100% |
| ICT and Digital Economy: Open ICT Environment | |||
| Labour and Employment: Development and Recovery | |||
| Macroeconomics: Standardization in Sustainable Development | |||
| Sustainable Development: 2030 Agenda Implementation | |||
| 6 | International Financial Institutions Reform: IMF Reform | +0.60 | 80% |
| 7 | Development: Infrastructure Investment and PPPs | +0.40 | 70% |
| 8 | Intergovernmental Organization Reform: WTO Reform | +0.20 | 60% |
| International Taxation | |||
| 10 | Health: Infectious Diseases | 0 | 50% |
| Trade: Interconnectivity of Supply Chains | |||
| 12 | Regional Security: Afghanistan | −0.20 | 40% |
| Terrorism: Cross-border Movement, Terrorist Financing and Safe Havens | |||
| 14 | Development: Economic Recovery and Sustainable Development in Africa | −0.40 | 30% |
| 15 | Climate Change: Supporting Implementation | −0.60 | 20% |
| Crime and Corruption: Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement | |||
| Digital Economy: E-Commerce Consumer Protection | |||
| 18 | Health: COVID-19 | −1.00 | 0% |